Worked Example

Text: Recent developments in artificial intelligence have transformed many industries, allowing organisations to automate routine processes while enabling employees to focus on more complex and creative tasks.

Recent developments in artificial intelligence / have transformed many industries, / allowing organisations to automate routine processes / while enabling employees / to focus on more complex and creative tasks.

Important stress: developments, intelligence, transformed, industries, automate, processes, complex, creative tasks.

If you mispronounce one word, do not stop and restart. Continue and protect the overall rhythm and meaning.

Worked Example

Audio: The university will introduce several new environmental programs next semester.

The university / will introduce / several new environmental programs / next semester.

Final response: The university will introduce several new environmental programs next semester.

Emergency recovery: The university will introduce new environmental programs next semester.

Universal high-score framework

The [chart/graph/table/map/process/image] illustrates [specific topic] in terms of [time period, categories, locations or measurement]. Overall, [main trend, dominant feature or strongest relationship]. More specifically, [important feature 1 with useful evidence], whereas [important feature 2 or contrast]. Another notable point is [feature 3 or relationship]. Taken together, the visual suggests [evidence-based conclusion].

Worked Example: Line Graph

Imagine a line graph showing household renewable energy use between 2010 and 2025 in three countries. Country A rises from 20% to 70%, Country B rises from 30% to 50%, and Country C remains stable between 40% and 45%.

The line graph illustrates changes in household renewable energy use across three countries between 2010 and 2025. Overall, Country A showed the strongest growth, while Country C remained comparatively stable. More specifically, Country A increased significantly from approximately 20 percent to 70 percent, whereas Country B experienced a more moderate rise from around 30 percent to 50 percent. Another notable feature is that Country A overtook both other countries during the period. Taken together, the graph demonstrates a substantial expansion in renewable energy adoption, particularly in Country A.

Bar Chart Example

Imagine a bar chart showing average weekly exercise hours: 18–25: 6 hours, 26–40: 5 hours, 41–60: 3 hours, 60+: 2 hours.

The bar chart compares average weekly exercise hours across four age groups. Overall, younger people recorded considerably higher levels of physical activity than older participants. In particular, the 18-to-25 age group exercised for approximately six hours per week, followed by the 26-to-40 group at five hours. By contrast, people aged over 60 recorded the lowest figure at only two hours. Overall, the chart demonstrates a clear decline in weekly exercise as age increases.

Process Diagram Example

Imagine a diagram showing the production of recycled paper.

The diagram illustrates how recycled paper is produced from used paper materials. Initially, waste paper is collected and transported to a processing facility. It is then mixed with water to create pulp, after which contaminants such as ink and plastic are removed. The cleaned pulp is subsequently pressed and dried before being converted into new paper products. Overall, the process consists of several interconnected stages that transform discarded paper into reusable material.

Universal template

The lecture focused on [topic], explaining that [central idea]. First, the speaker discussed [point 1] and noted that [supporting detail]. The lecture then highlighted [point 2], which [relationship, result or explanation]. Finally, the speaker referred to [point 3 or conclusion]. Overall, the lecture suggests that [synthesis or implication].

Worked Example

Imagine the lecture says climate change is affecting global agriculture, higher temperatures reduce crop yields, changing rainfall creates water shortages, and farmers are responding through drought-resistant crops and irrigation.

The lecture focused on the impact of climate change on global agriculture, explaining that changing environmental conditions are creating serious challenges for food production. First, the speaker discussed rising temperatures and noted that excessive heat can reduce crop yields. The lecture then highlighted changing rainfall patterns, which may create water shortages in agricultural regions. Finally, the speaker referred to solutions such as drought-resistant crops and improved irrigation systems. Overall, the lecture suggests that long-term adaptation will be essential for maintaining agricultural productivity.

Universal template

The discussion centred on [topic]. The first speaker [argued/explained/suggested] that [view 1], mainly because [supporting detail]. The second speaker [agreed, disagreed or qualified this view], adding that [view 2 and reason]. The third speaker emphasized [view 3] and noted that [detail]. Overall, the speakers [agreed or disagreed] on [shared issue], although they differed over [main contrast]. The discussion ultimately suggested that [outcome, compromise or overall conclusion].

Worked Example

Topic: Should university students be allowed to attend lectures completely online? Speaker 1 supports online learning because it is flexible and saves travel time. Speaker 2 disagrees because students may become isolated and classroom interaction can decline. Speaker 3 supports a hybrid model.

The discussion centred on whether university students should be allowed to complete their lectures entirely online. The first speaker supported online learning because it offers greater flexibility and reduces travel time. In contrast, the second speaker argued that fully online education may create social isolation and reduce meaningful classroom interaction. The third speaker acknowledged the advantages of both perspectives and proposed a hybrid model combining online lectures with face-to-face workshops. Overall, the speakers differed over whether education should be completely online, but the discussion ultimately suggested that a blended approach could provide both flexibility and direct interaction.

Universal architecture

[Appropriate opening], [person]. [Brief context]. [Direct purpose or request]. [Critical detail or constraint]. [Specific next action]. [Reason or consequence where useful]. [Natural close].

Worked Example: Group Assignment

Situation: You are working on a group assignment. One team member has not sent their section. The final presentation must be completed by Monday. You need their work by Friday evening.

Hi, could you please send me your section of the group assignment by Friday evening? I need to combine everyone’s work and prepare the final presentation before Monday. I’m happy to organise the slides, but I need your content first so I can complete everything properly and make sure we have enough time to review it. Please send it through by Friday if possible. Thanks.

Formal worked example

Situation: You missed an important university class because you were unwell. You need to ask your professor whether you can obtain the lecture materials.

Excuse me, Professor. I was unable to attend yesterday’s lecture because I was unwell, and I would like to catch up on the material I missed. Could you please let me know whether the lecture slides or any additional notes are available? I want to review the content before the next class so that I do not fall behind. I would really appreciate your help. Thank you.

Universal one-sentence architecture

Although/While [context, problem or contrasting idea], the passage argues/explains that [central claim], because [key support 1] and [key support 2], while [qualification, consequence or additional relationship], thereby showing that [overall implication].

Worked Example: Urbanisation

Passage idea: Cities create economic opportunities, but rapid urbanisation increases pressure on housing, transport and public services. Governments need long-term planning and sustainable development.

Although urbanisation can create significant economic opportunities and improve access to employment and services, rapid population growth places increasing pressure on housing, transport and public infrastructure, requiring governments to adopt coordinated long-term planning while ensuring that future development remains environmentally sustainable.

Word count: 42 words.

Problem-Solution Example

Passage idea: Plastic waste damages marine ecosystems. Much of it comes from single-use products. Governments can reduce the problem through regulation and consumers also need to change behaviour.

While increasing levels of plastic waste are damaging marine ecosystems, particularly because of widespread dependence on single-use products, the passage argues that stronger government regulation combined with changes in consumer behaviour can significantly reduce pollution and support more sustainable patterns of production and consumption.

Elite four-paragraph structure

1. Paragraph 1: The question of whether [topic] has become increasingly important because [brief context]. While some people argue that [opposing or alternative view], I believe that [clear position], primarily because [reason 1] and [reason 2].
2. Paragraph 2: The first reason is that [clear claim]. This is because [mechanism or explanation]. For example, [specific and plausible example]. As a result, [consequence and link to argument].
3. Paragraph 3: A second important consideration is [claim]. Admittedly, [reasonable opposing point]; however, [rebuttal or qualification]. [Explanation or example]. Therefore, [link to overall position].
4. Paragraph 4: In conclusion, although [acknowledge competing consideration], [restate position in different words]. The most effective approach is to [practical recommendation or balanced conclusion], because this would [main benefit].

Full example

Essay type adaptations

• Agree or disagree: state your position immediately.
• Discuss both views: examine both perspectives before arguing your position.
• Advantages and disadvantages: body 1 advantages, body 2 disadvantages, conclusion weighs them.
• Problem and solution: body 1 causes and consequences, body 2 practical solutions.
• Two-part question: answer both questions explicitly.

Worked Example 1

Sentence: The new government policy is expected to _____ economic growth by encouraging private investment.

Options: perform, stimulate, operate, complete.

Grammar allows a verb. Collocation gives stimulate economic growth.

The new government policy is expected to stimulate economic growth by encouraging private investment.

Worked Example 2

Sentence: Scientists have raised serious _____ about the long-term effects of the chemical.

Options: concerns, concerned, concerning, concern.

The sentence requires a plural noun after serious. Collocation gives raise serious concerns.

Scientists have raised serious concerns about the long-term effects of the chemical.

Selection threshold

Choose an answer only when you have a clear textual reason. Do not select everything that sounds vaguely correct.

Worked Example

Passage: A study of remote working found that many employees reported improved flexibility and greater control over their schedules. However, some workers experienced social isolation and found communication with colleagues more difficult. The researchers concluded that remote work can be effective, but organisations should provide stronger communication systems and regular opportunities for collaboration.

Question: Which statements are supported by the passage?

Correct answers: B and C

Worked Example

Sentences: A. This discovery encouraged researchers to conduct further experiments. B. Scientists recently identified a previously unknown type of marine bacteria. C. The additional studies revealed that the organism could survive in extremely cold environments. D. The bacteria were first found in samples collected from deep ocean water.

B is the anchor. D refers to the bacteria. A refers to this discovery. C refers to the additional studies.

Final order: B → D → A → C

Worked Example

Sentence: Regular exercise can significantly _____ physical health, while also helping individuals _____ stress more effectively.

Word bank: improve, manage, increase, perform, create, reduce.

Blank 1: significantly _____ physical health. The strongest collocation is improve physical health.

Blank 2: helping individuals _____ stress. The strongest collocation is manage stress.

Regular exercise can significantly improve physical health, while also helping individuals manage stress more effectively.

Worked Example

Passage: Public libraries have changed significantly in recent decades. Although they continue to provide books, many now offer digital resources, technology training, community events and access to online databases. As a result, modern libraries increasingly function as broader centres for learning and community participation.

Question: What is the main purpose of the passage?

Correct answer: B. To explain how the role of public libraries has expanded.

Universal template

The lecture focused on [topic], emphasizing that [main idea]. The speaker explained that [supporting point 1] and [supporting point 2], while also noting [contrast, example or additional detail]. These points demonstrate that [synthesis or implication]. Overall, the lecture concluded that [final takeaway].

Worked Example

Audio idea: Renewable energy has expanded rapidly. Solar and wind power have become cheaper. Energy storage remains a challenge. Battery technology is improving. Governments and businesses are investing more heavily in clean energy infrastructure.

The lecture focused on the rapid expansion of renewable energy, emphasizing that falling costs have made solar and wind power increasingly competitive. The speaker explained that energy storage remains a major challenge, although advances in battery technology are improving reliability. Overall, growing investment from governments and businesses is accelerating the transition towards cleaner and more sustainable energy systems.

Word count: 59 words.

Worked Example

Audio idea: The speaker explains that electric vehicles can reduce urban air pollution. However, their environmental benefits depend partly on how electricity is generated. The speaker also mentions that battery production creates environmental challenges.

Correct answers: B and C

Worked Example 1

Transcript: The rapid development of technology has significantly transformed the way people communicate and access information.

Displayed sentence: The rapid development of technology has significantly ________ the way people communicate and access information.

Correct answer: transformed

Not transform. Not transforming. The grammar requires has significantly transformed.

Worked Example 2

Transcript: Researchers are increasingly concerned about the loss of biodiversity.

Blank: Researchers are increasingly ________ about the loss of biodiversity.

Correct answer: concerned

Worked Example

Audio idea: A university introduced flexible study spaces. Students can work individually or collaboratively. The spaces contain digital technology. Student satisfaction has improved. However, the university is still evaluating the effect on academic performance.

Correct answer: B

Worked Example

Audio idea: A researcher explains that employees often perform better when they have some control over how they organise their work. However, complete freedom without clear expectations can reduce coordination. The researcher therefore recommends flexible working arrangements combined with clearly defined goals.

Question: What does the speaker recommend?

Correct answer: C. Combining flexibility with clear expectations.

Worked Example

Audio context: Many organisations initially believed that working from home would reduce productivity. However, several studies have shown that employees can remain highly productive when they receive appropriate support. Therefore, companies should focus less on where people work and more on...

Prediction: performance should be judged by results rather than location.

Correct answer: A. the quality of the results they produce.

Practical daily session example

Mini examples

• Read Aloud: Scientific research / has improved our understanding / of climate change.
• Repeat Sentence: meeting | moved | Friday afternoon.
• Retell Lecture notes: AI | productivity | automation | job change | reskilling.
• Answer Short Question: What is the capital of Japan? Tokyo.
• Write From Dictation: Chunk → Hold → Rebuild → Check.

Unfamiliar Describe Image

Identify the visual. Find the biggest pattern. Select two strong pieces of evidence. Explain one relationship. Finish with a meaningful conclusion.

Unfamiliar Respond to a Situation

Who am I? Who am I speaking to? What exactly do I need? What important detail must I preserve? What action should happen next?

Unfamiliar essay topic

What is the exact question? What is my position? What are my two strongest reasons? Can I explain each reason clearly?